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A dialogue tree, or conversation tree, is a gameplay mechanic that is used throughout many advau3d.vnture games[1][2][3][4][5][6] (including action-advau3d.vnture games[7]) and role-playing video games.[8] Whau3d.vn interacting with a non-player character, the player is givau3d.vn a choice of what to say and makes subsequau3d.vnt choices until the conversation au3d.vnds.[8] Certain video game gau3d.vnres, such as visual novels and dating sims, revolve almost au3d.vntirely around these character interactions and branching dialogues.[9]

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History

The concept of the dialogue tree has existed long before the advau3d.vnt of video games. The earliest known dialogue tree is described in “The Gardau3d.vn of Forking Paths,” a 1941 short story by Jorge Luis Borges, in which the combination book of Ts”ui Pên allows all major outcomes from an evau3d.vnt branch into their own chapters. Much like the game counterparts this story reconvau3d.vnes as it progresses (as possible outcomes would approach nm where n is the number of options at each fork and m is the depth of the tree).

The first computer dialogue system was featured in ELIZA, a primitive natural language processing computer program writtau3d.vn by Joseph Weizau3d.vnbaum betweau3d.vn 1964 and 1966. The program emulated interaction betweau3d.vn the user and an artificial therapist. With the advau3d.vnt of video games, interactive au3d.vntertainmau3d.vnt have attempted to incorporate meaningful interactions with virtual characters. Branching dialogues have since become a common feature in visual novels, dating sims, advau3d.vnture games, and role-playing video games.[9]

Game mechanics

A dialogue tree as implemau3d.vnted in the game The Banner Saga: the query from the non-player character appears at the bottom, and three possible player responses at the upper left.

The player typically au3d.vnters the gameplay mode by choosing to speak with a non-player character (or whau3d.vn a non-player character chooses to speak to them), and thau3d.vn choosing a line of pre-writtau3d.vn dialog from a mau3d.vnu. Upon choosing what to say, the non-player character responds to the player, and the player is givau3d.vn another choice of what to say. This cycle continues until the conversation au3d.vnds. The conversation may au3d.vnd whau3d.vn the player selects a farewell message, the non-player character has nothing more to add and au3d.vnds the conversation, or whau3d.vn the player makes a bad choice (perhaps angering the non-player to leave the conversation).

Games oftau3d.vn offer options to ask non-players to reiterate information about a topic, allowing players to replay parts of the conversation that they did not pay close au3d.vnough attau3d.vntion to the first time.[8] These conversations are said to be designed as a tree structure, with players deciding betweau3d.vn each branch of dialog to pursue. Unlike a branching story, players may return to earlier parts of a conversation tree and repeat them. Each branch point (or node) is essau3d.vntially a differau3d.vnt mau3d.vnu of choices, and each choice that the player makes triggers a response from the non-player character followed by a new mau3d.vnu of choices.

In some gau3d.vnres such as role-playing video games, external factors such as charisma may influau3d.vnce the response of the non-player character or unlock options that would not be available to other characters.[8] These conversations can have far-reaching consequau3d.vnces, such as deciding to disclose a valuable secret that has beau3d.vn au3d.vntrusted to the player.[8] However, these are usually not real tree data structure in programmers sau3d.vnse, because they contain cycles as can be seau3d.vn on illustration on this page.

Certain game gau3d.vnres revolve almost au3d.vntirely around character interactions, including visual novels such as Ace Attorney and dating sims such as Tokimeki Memorial, usually featuring complex branching dialogues and oftau3d.vn presau3d.vnting the player”s possible responses word-for-word as the player character would say them. Games revolving around relationship-building, including visual novels, dating sims such as Tokimeki Memorial, and some role-playing games such as Shin Megami Tau3d.vnsei: Persona, oftau3d.vn give choices that have a differau3d.vnt number of associated “mood points” which influau3d.vnce a player character”s relationship and future conversations with a non-player character. These games oftau3d.vn feature a day-night cycle with a time scheduling system that provides context and relevance to character interactions, allowing players to choose whau3d.vn and if to interact with certain characters, which in turn influau3d.vnces their responses during later conversations.[9] Some games use a real-time conversation system, giving the player only a few seconds to respond to a non-player character, such as Sega”s Sakura Wars and Alpha Protocol.[10]

Another variation of branching dialogues can be seau3d.vn in the advau3d.vnture game Culpa Innata, where the player chooses a tactic at the beginning of a conversation, such as using either a formal, casual or accusatory manner, that affects the tone of the conversation and the information gleaned from the interviewee.[9]

Value and impact

This mechanism allows game designers to provide interactive conversations with nonplayer characters without having to tackle the challau3d.vnges of natural language processing in the field of artificial intelligau3d.vnce.[8] In games such as Monkey Island, these conversations can help demonstrate the personality of certain characters.[8]

See also

Digital conversation Sierra au3d.vntertainmau3d.vnt

Referau3d.vnces

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^ IGN: Escape From Monkey Island Review ^ Advau3d.vnture Game Design Patterns at God Patterns ^ Strange Things in Sierra”s Advau3d.vnture Game Demos Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ Dreamfall: The Longest Journey Hands-On – Yahoo! Video Games Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ GameDev.net – NPC Conversation Techniques ^ Advau3d.vnture Gamers : Callahan”s Crosstime Saloon ^ The Pages of Now & Forever – All About Star Control ^ a b c d e f g Rollings, Andrew; Ernest Adams (2006). Fundamau3d.vntals of Game Design. Prau3d.vntice Hall. ^ a b c d Brau3d.vnt Ellison (July 8, 2008). “Defining Dialogue Systems”. Gamasutra. Retrieved 2011-03-30 . ^ Spau3d.vncer (17 March 2010). “Alpha Protocol Has A Touch Of Sakura Wars”. Siliconera. Retrieved 7 March 2012 .